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D Layer
Characteristics of the Ionosphere
Radio Wave Propagation and Antennas
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e. Other layers. Other layers or clouds appear from time to time
over the eleven year sunspot cycle.
These layers appear near the E
layer. Together, they are called the
Sporadic E
layer.
Figure 13.
Effect of
frequency
on the critical angle.
Figure 14.
Relationship between
skip zone
, skip
distance, and ground wave.
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